Definisi Masa Depan

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Future history : adalah sebuah konsep dalam karya fiksi yang digunakan oleh penulis fiksi ilmiah dan fiksi spekulatif lainnya untuk menyusun sebuah latar belakang dari cerita fiksi dengan ciri khusus dimana ceritanya berisi tentang anggapan penulis mengenai kehidupan manusia di masa depan. Terkadang penulis mempublikasikan runtutan waktu dari sebuah kejadian di dalam cerita, di kasus lainnya pembaca dapat merekonstruksi urutan kejadian dalam cerita dari informasi yang tersedia.

definisi masa depan



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Istilah Future History diciptakan oleh John W. Campbell Jr. seorang editor dari majalah Astounding Science Fiction pada Februari 1941 yang didasarkan dari karya-karya fiksi berupa cerita pendek dan novel dengan konsep Future History oleh Robert A. Heinlein. Neil R. Jones dianggap sebagai penulis yang pertama kali membuat konsep Future History.

Serangkaian kisah yang memberikan latar belakang, namun mengabaikan urutan sejarah di dunia maka tidak dianggap sebagai Future History. Contohnya, baik cerita pendek Vorkosigan Saga karya Lois McMaster Bujold maupun 1970s karya George R. R. Martin tidak ada satupun yang memberikan latar belakang yang umumnya dianggap sebagai Future History. Kisah-kisah terpisah yang menelusuri jejak sejarah tidak dianggap sebagai Future History. Contohnya, A Canticle for Leibowitz karya Walter M. Miller Jr. tidak dianggap secara umum sebagai Future History.

Dimasa-masa awal, beberapa karya yang dipublikasi yang merujuk pada "Future History" memiliki makna yang lebih lateral seperti cerita atau isi buku dimaksudkan sebagai kutipan dari buku sejarah tentang masa depan dan yang ditulis dalam bentuk sebuah buku sejarah yakni cerita yang tidak memiliki tokoh protagonis tapi lebih  menggambarkan perkembangan bangsa dan masyarakat selama beberapa abad.

Karya-karya seperti


The Unparalleled Invasion karya Jack London (1914) menceritakan perang antara sekutu-sekutu negara-negara Barat melawan bangsa Cina pada tahun 1975, dengan berakhirnya pembantaian bangsa china. Ini dapat dalam sebuah catatan kaki yang berasal dari Kutipan 'Esai Tertentu dalam Sejarah', Walt Mervin.

Tidak seperti sejarah kuno, dimana hasil sejarah tersebut dianggap berasal dari peristiwa masa lalu, future history membuktikan adanya perubahan tertentu pada peristiwa di masa sekarang dan masa depan penulis.

Perbedaan yang mendasar adalah bahwa penulis sejarah kuno memiliki pengetahuan mengenai hasil yang nyata dari suatu peristiwa tertentu, dan bahwa pengetahuan juga mempengaruhi gambaran  tentang hasil sejarah kuno tersebut. Penulis sejarah masa depan tidak memiliki pemikiran seperti itu,  hasil karyanya didasarkan pada pengetahuan yang tidak sesuai pada kenyataan dan memperkirakan  hal yang mungkin terjadi di masa depan pada penulisanya. Pada saat ini penulisan sering mengalami perubahan sehingga tidak akurat.

Sebagai contoh, pada tahun 1933, H. G. Wells yang mengemukakan dalam The Shape of Things to Come, mengenai Perang Dunia Kedua dimana Nazi Jerman dan Polandia memiliki kekuatan yang sama secara militer dan telah bertempur selama sepuluh tahun lebih;  Poul Anderson, pada awal tahun 1950-an dalam Psychotechnic League nya menggambarkan bahwa dunia menghadapi perang nuklir yang telah menyebabkan banyak kerugian pada tahun 1958, namun pada awal abad ke-21, ia tidak hanya  membangun kembali reruntuhan di Bumi tetapi juga kolonisasi ruang yang luas dari Bulan dan beberapa planet.  Seorang penulis dengan pengetahuan tentang kehancuran Polandia dalam perang dunia kedua dan biaya dari sebuah program luar angkasa yang tidak cukup matang di dunia yang jauh dari kehancuran tidak akan menuliskan hal demikian.  [2] 2001: Sebuah perjalanan ruang angkasa telah direncanakan di masa depan, membawa perkembangan dalam hal perjalanan ruang angkasa dan pemukiman yang belum pernah terjadi pada waktu itu.

Salah satu permasalahan dalam fiksi ilmiah sejarah masa depan adalah suatu kejadian yang dibuat dalam cerita pada akhirnya benar-benar terjadi dalam kisah nyata, seperti Sejarah Masa depan H. Beam Piper, yang memasukkan perang Nuklir pada tahun 1973 dalam beberapa karyanya, serta masih banyak cerita Sejarah Masa depan yang bersifat Star Trek. Kisah sejarah masa depan yang ditulis oleh Jerry Pournelle dengan judul "CoDominium" menceritakan bahwa perang dingin akan berakhir dengan Amerika serikat dan Uni Soviet mendirikan peraturan wilayah dunia yang berjudul CoDominium yang akan berakhir sampai abad ke-22 daripada Uni Soviet runtuh pada tahun 1991.

Dalam kasus lain, penggabungan sejarah fiksi dan sejarah yang telah terkenal dilakukan melalui penggunaan kontinuitas retroaktif yang ekstensif. Sedangkan pada kasus-kasus lain, seperti serial televisi Doctor Who dan fiksi lain yang mengacu pada serial tersebut, sejarah tersembunyi banyak digunakan untuk berbagai tujuan, di mana peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi sebagian besar bersifat rahasia dan tidak diketahui masyarakat umum. Seperti halnya Heinlein, beberapa penulis hanya menulis future history secara terperinci dan menerima fakta bahwa peristiwa akan mengambil alih, membuat urutan menjadi sejarah alternatif yang nyata.

Ada beberapa cara untuk mengatasi hal tersebut. Salah satu caranya adalah ketika beberapa penulis membuat setting cerita dengan latar belakang masa depan yang tidak pasti, dan seringkali berlatar belakang sebuah masyarakat pada masa kini telah terganggu oleh keruntuhan peradaban atau mengalami beberapa bentuk penyimpangan karena pengaruh teknologi. Terkait dengan hal ini, beberapa cerita berlatar belakang di masa depan yang terpencil dan hanya berurusan dengan sejarah kontemporer si penulis yang digambarkan secara garis besar (contoh: versi asli dari Trilogi Foundation karya Asimov). Dalam kasus lain dimana cerita berlatar belakang di masa yang akan datang tetapi dengan masa lalu alohistoris yang diceritakan dengan jelas, seperti dalam serial Engines of Light karya Ken MacLeod.

Akhirnya, beberapa penulis secara resmi mengubah sejarah masa depan mereka menjadi sejarah alternatif, dengan disusulnya berbagai peristiwa. Sebagai contoh, Poul Anderson memulai sejarah The Psychotechnic League pada awal 1950-an, dengan asumsi perang nuklir pada tahun 1958 sampai saat ini. Ketika diterbitkan kembali pada tahun 1980-an, pada kata pengantar dijelaskan bahwa linimasa tersebut hanya bersifat spekulasi.


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